Diameter Copper Rod Is Reduced to a 387 Diameter Then Reduced Again to

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Copper alloys become stronger and more ductile as temperature goes down. They also retain excellent impact resistance to 20 K. These general characteristics have been revealed in tests on 15 copper alloys, including brasses, bronzes and commercially pure coppers. They were tested by the Cryogenics Div., National Bureau of Standards, for the copper and brass industry to check tensile strength, notch tensile strength, Youngs modulus, and impact properties at temperatures down to 4 K (-454 F). The information presented here is based on a report by R. P. Reed and R. P. Mikesell "Low Temperature Mechanical Properties Of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys," NBS Monograph 101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80302.

Tests — The compositions and condition of these alloys — that is, for standard, commercially available mill stock — are listed in Table 1. Tensile specimens with 1.5 inch gauge lengths provided the data on elastic modulus. Notch tension (also 1.5 inch gauge lengths) and tension tests were conducted using the cryostat and related equipment. Tests were conducted at 295 (ambient), 195, 76, 20, and 4 K. An Instron testing machine was used with a crosshead speed of 0.02 in. per min. Test procedures are described by R.A. Warren and R.P. Reed in NBS Monograph 63.

Results — The figures on the following pages present stress-strain behavior. In Table 2 the average data for each alloy are tabulated for all tests and temperatures. Data spread in most instances was less than ± 1%.

Considerable spread in the impact strength occurred for Copper 102 in the 60% cold-drawn condition. This was related to grain size. Metallographic examination revealed that the specimens with high impact strengths (113 to 115 ft-lb) had small grains while those with low impact strength (57 to 84 ft-lb) had large grains.

Aged Copper Alloy No. 647, although containing only about 2.5 wt. % alloying elements, proved to be considerably stronger than any other alloy tested. Its impact strength remains high, and the notch tensile strength, although falling off at 4 K, is good when compared to the tensile strength. In addition, elongation increases at low temperatures.

Except for the sand cast nickel-aluminum-bronze alloy, all alloys had notched-to-unnotched tensile ratios above one, and good or very good impact properties. Only the sand cast alloy was brittle at low temperature. For most alloys the tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and notch tensile strength increased in the temperature range from 295 to 20 K. Ultimate and yield strengths of most alloys are less at 4 K than at 20 K. Discontinuous yielding is evident in all stress-strain curves at 4 K.

Tables and Figures

Table 1. Condition and Composition of Alloys

Copper and Copper Alloy*		Condition	Composition, %
No.	Name		Pb	Fe	Sn	Zn	Ni	P
102	Oxygen Free	Cold drawn 60%	4 ppm	4 ppm	1 ppm		4 ppm	1 ppm
122	Phosphorus Deoxidized,	Annealed	0.0002	0.003	0.00035	0.001		0.028
	High Residual Phosphorus	Cold drawn 26%	Same as annealed samples
150	Zirconium Copper	Annealed, 950 C; cold drawn 85 to 90%; aged, 450 C, 1 hr	Similar to that of Oxygen Free with Zr added
220	Commercial Bronze, 90%	Annealed, 575 C, 3 hr	0.005	0.01		10.01
230	Red Brass, 85%	Cold drawn 14%		0.02		15.33
443	Admiralty Arsenical	Annealed, 575 C, 1 hr	0.04	0.03	0.97	27.56
464	Naval Brass	Annealed, 593 C, 1 hr	0.09	0.02	0.63	39.71
510	Phosphor Bronze, 5% A	Spring cold drawn 85%	0.02	0.02	4.85	0.05		0.18
614	Aluminum Bronze D	Commercial anneal		2.13
647	Copper-nickel silicon	Aged, 450 C, 2 hr		0.01			1.97
655	High Silicon Bronze A	Commercial anneal (soft)	0.01	0.09			0.04
706	Copper Nickel 10%	Annealed, 677 C, 40 min	0.02	1.16		0.07	9.98
715	Copper Nickel 30%	Commercial anneal	< 0.01	0.59	< 0.01	0.04	30.05
	Nickel- aluminum bronze	Sand cast		3.35			5.20
* Material was 3/4-in. bar, except nickel-aluminum bronze which was a billet. ** 16 ppm Ag; 12 ppm S; 2 ppm As; 5 ppm Sb; less than 3 ppm 0; traces of Au, Bi, Mn, Hg, Cd, Zn

Table 1. Condition and Composition of Alloys (Continued)

Copper and Copper Alloy*		Condition	Others	Hardness	Average Grain Diameter, mm
No.	Name
102	Oxygen Free	Cold drawn 60%	**	Rb 45 to 53	0.287 to 2.00
122	Phosphorus Deoxidized,	Annealed	Ag, Bi, Sb, Mn, As, Ni (trace)	Rf 35	0.051
	High Residual Phosphorus	Cold drawn 26%		Rb 50	0.101
150	Zirconium Copper	Annealed, 950 C; cold drawn 85 to 90%; aged, 450 C, 1 hr	Zr, 0.18	Rb 68	0.203
220	Commercial Bronze, 90%	Annealed, 575 C, 3 hr		Rf 49	0.051
230	Red Brass, 85%	Cold drawn 14%	Ag, Mg (trace)	Rf 64	0.025
443	Admiralty Arsenical	Annealed, 575 C, 1 hr	As, 0.041	Rf 55	0.144
464	Naval Brass	Annealed, 593 C, 1 hr		Rb 57	0.036
510	Phosphor Bronze, 5% A	Spring cold drawn 85%		Rb 94	0.101
614	Aluminum Bronze D	Commercial anneal	Al, 6.57	Rb 97	0.036
647	Copper-nickel silicon	Aged, 450 C, 2 hr		Rb 98	0.025
655	High Silicon Bronze A	Commercial anneal (soft)	Mn, 0.88; Si, 2.90	Rb 54	0.025
706	Copper Nickel 10%	Annealed, 677 C, 40 min		Rb 33	0.051
715	Copper Nickel 30%	Commercial anneal	Mn, 0.71 to 0.73 Al, < 0.01; As, < 0.01	Rb 47	0.036
	Nickel- aluminum bronze	Sand cast	Al, 9.95; Mn, 0.3	Rb 93	0.036
* Material was 3/4-in. bar, except nickel-aluminum bronze which was a billet. ** 16 ppm Ag; 12 ppm S; 2 ppm As; 5 ppm Sb; less than 3 ppm 0; traces of Au, Bi, Mn, Hg, Cd, Zn

Table 2. Average Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys at Low Temperatures

Copper and Copper Alloy		Test Temperature, K	Elastic Properties
No.	Name and Treatment		Youngs Modulus, 106 psi (5%)	Shear Modulus, 106 psi (2%)
102	Oxygen Free (Cold drawn 60%)	295 195 76 20 4	17.3 20.0 22.0
122	Phosphorus Deoxidized, High Residual Phosphorus (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	15.1 16.0 16.2 16.3 16.4	6.46 6.81 7.20 7.44
	(Cold drawn 26%)	295 195 76 20 4	18.9 19.9 20.3 20.8 21.1
150	Zirconium Copper (Cold drawn, aged)	295 195 76 20 4	15.8 17.2 17.2
220	Commercial Bronze, 90% (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	15.1 16.4 17.7 18.0 18.1	6.59 6.97 7.24 7.37
230	Red Brass, 85% (Cold drawn 14%)	295 195 76 20 4	14.9 15.8 17.6 18.1 18.2	6.55 6.77 7.06 7.20
443	Admiralty Arsenical (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	14.6 14.9 15.5 16.0 16.2	5.94 6.15 6.48 6.55
464	Naval Brass (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	14.0 14.5 14.8 15.0 15.1	5.76 5.94 6.16 6.26
510	Phosphor Bronze, 5% A (Cold drawn 85%, spring)	295 195 76 20 4	15.6 16.5 16.7 16.5 16.4
614	Aluminum Bronze D (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	15.8 16.1 16.3 16.3 16.3
647	Copper-Nickel Silicon (Aged)	295 195 76 20 4	21.4 22.3 23.2 23.5 23.6
655	High Silicon Bronze A (Annealed, soft)	295 195 76 20 4	15.6 15.8 16.1 17.0 17.5
706	Copper Nickel 10% (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	17.7 19.5 20.5
715	Copper Nickel 30% (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	22.0 23.0 23.2
	Nickel- Aluminum Bronze (Sand cast)	295 195 76 20 4	16.8 17.8 18.5 18.5 18.5

Table 2. Average Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys at Low Temperatures (Continued)

Copper and Copper Alloy		Test Temperature, K	Plastic Properties
			Uniaxial
No.	Name and Treatment		Tensile Strength, psi	Yield Strength, psi	Elongation, % in 4D	Reduction of Area, %
102	Oxygen Free (Cold drawn 60%)	295 195 76 20 4	48,400 52,900 66,400 74,500 74,600	46,800 49,800 54,400 58,500 58,600	17 20 29 42 41	77 74 78 76 75
122	Phosphorus Deoxidized, High Residual Phosphorus (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	31,300 38,300 50,600 63,800 60,400	6,700 6,600 7,400 8,400 7,900	45 56 62 68 65	76 87 84 83 81
	(Cold drawn 26%)	295 195 76 20 4	51,800 56,800 68,400 81,400 81,000	49,400 53,600 59,900 64,100 63,600	17 21 28 46 44	76 79 76 78 72
150	Zirconium Copper (Cold drawn, aged)	295 195 76 20 4	64,450 67,200 77,400 85,200 85,700	59,600 61,300 65,700 66,400 64,700	16 20 26 37 36	62 66 71 72 69
220	Commercial Bronze, 90% (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	38,500 41,800 55,200 73,200 68,200	9,600 10,200 13,200 15,600 15,000	56 57 86 95 91	84 80 78 73 73
230	Red Brass, 85% (Cold drawn 14%)	295 195 76 20 4	40,400 46,500 62,000 79,200 71,000	13,000 14,000 16,400 20,900 18,300	48 63 83 80 82	74 79 77 75 71
443	Admiralty Arsenical (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	44,800 49,600 64,600 76,800 78,600	10,600 12,600 18,700 20,800 21,100	86 91 98 99 92	81 79 73 68 72
464	Naval Brass (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	63,300 67,400 80,400 105,200 99,600	31,000 33,800 38,000 47,600 43,700	37 37 44 41 40	52 54 48 42 48
510	Phosphor Bronze, 5% A (Cold drawn 85%, spring)	295 195 76 20 4	77,400 85,600 105,200 131,000 116,400	72,000 78,700 89,200 104,800 100,400	18 20 34 39 34	78 78 67 62 58
614	Aluminum Bronze D (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	83,200 89,500 105,800 126,400 134,500	59,400 64,800 69,500 80,600 82,400	40 45 52 48 52	66 71 64 58 59
647	Copper-Nickel Silicon (Aged)	295 195 76 20 4	112,400 119,400 123,600 133,700 135,800	105,000 110,800 114,100 118,400 119,800	15 18 24 33 31	60 66 70 68 65
655	High Silicon Bronze A (Annealed, soft)	295 195 76 20 4	61,400 69,900 89,000 108,900 101,200	24,200 26,800 31,900 37,600 36,900	66 68 71 72 71	79 79 69 69 70
706	Copper Nickel 10% (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	49,600 54,700 72,000 82,500 80,600	21,400 24,700 24,800 30,200 24,900	37 42 50 50 53	79 77 77 73 73
715	Copper Nickel 30% (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	57,800 68,000 89,800 103,100 104,600	18,700 22,200 31,600 38,100 40,100	47 48 52 51 48	68 70 70 66 65
	Nickel- Aluminum Bronze (Sand cast)	295 195 76 20 4	101,200 104,600 117,100 126,600 130,500	44,000 47,800 54,900 61,600 60,100	11 9 6 6 6	9 9 7 2 5

Table 2. Average Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys at Low Temperatures (Continued)

Copper and Copper Alloy		Test Temperature, K	Plastic Properties
			Triaxial
No.	Name and Treatment		Notch Tensile Strength (KT 5.0), psi	Impact Charpy Energy Absorbed, ft-lb
102	Oxygen Free (Cold drawn 60%)	295 195 76 20 4	75,700 82,200 93,600 102,400 100,600	96 101 95 84
122	Phosphorus Deoxidized, High Residual Phosphorus (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	43,300 50,400 62,300 72,000 74,700	11 112 112 118
	(Cold drawn 26%)	295 195 76 20 4	81,000 86,800 99,800 108,600 109,300	112 112 112 119
150	Zirconium Copper (Cold drawn, aged)	295 195 76 20 4	97,600 103,100 112,400 119,000 121,600	89 105 114 114
220	Commercial Bronze, 90% (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	49,900 55,600 69,200 76,300 78,900	112 114 112 115
230	Red Brass, 85% (Cold drawn 14%)	295 195 76 20 4	53,900 58,500 71,200 72,000 74,900	96 82 78 76
443	Admiralty Arsenical (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	53,800 58,800 75,200 89,400 86,200	112 113 114 114
464	Naval Brass (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	74,700 84,800 100,700 113,900 115,400	38 42 38 35
510	Phosphor Bronze, 5% A (Cold drawn 85%, spring)	295 195 76 20 4	136,500 147,100 167,000 185,000 185,400	106 82 54 51
614	Aluminum Bronze D (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	122,500 133,300 148,100 174,300 160,800	110 100 72 66
647	Copper-Nickel Silicon (Aged)	295 195 76 20 4	189,700 194,800 204,600 255,800 212,200	110 106 109 116
655	High Silicon Bronze A (Annealed, soft)	295 195 76 20 4	81,200 92,000 110,700 126,300 122,100	112 112 114 116
706	Copper Nickel 10% (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	65,000 73,100 87,200 96,800 100,000	114 113 115 116
715	Copper Nickel 30% (Annealed)	295 195 76 20 4	79,400 90,500 112,900 127,600 130,500	115 114 114 114
	Nickel- Aluminum Bronze (Sand cast)	295 195 76 20 4	105,200 112,800 118,900 121,800 118,400	10 8 6 6

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Source: https://www.copper.org/resources/properties/144_8/

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